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JCAs
Joint Character Areas
To understand the potential landscape impacts of energy crops we have made an assessment for each JCA.
For guidance on the tables in the JCA pages below see Energy crops and landscape character.
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JCA No. 1- North Northumberland Coastal Plain
The North Northumberland Coastal Plain is an open, windswept landscape, characterised by dramatic coastal cliffs, sandy beaches and intertidal habitats, with farmland and intimate river valleys inland. A quarter of the area is designated as AONB. Generally both SRC and Miscanthus could be accommodated inland where intensive mixed and arable farming already occurs, although there is low yield potential for the latter. Also, the cumulative effect of many SRC schemes would be to create an enclosed landscape and restrict the views. Avoid the coastal fringe where planting of either would impact on strong coastal and historic character, impede outstanding views, and result in loss of semi-natural habitats in many areas.
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JCA No. 2 - Northumberland Sandstone Hills
This is a plateau landscape covered mainly by moorland and improved pasture but including a range of other landscape features including extensive coniferous woodland. The planting of Miscanthus would be out of keeping with the area’s strongly pastoral nature, and its yield potential is generally low. In contrast, the yield potential for SRC is high in the northern half and eastern side of the character area. However, its planting would best be limited to river valleys, providing it respects the existing scale and pattern of woodland planting there.
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The Cheviot Fringe is a broad valley and plain landscape, combining pasture and meadows for livestock with arable. Whilst both crops could potentially be accommodated on the flatter areas in central and northern parts in existing arable areas, the potential Miscanthus yield is low (contrasting with high yield potential for SRC throughout the character area). SRC might also be accommodated along wooded river valleys, though any planting would need to be in keeping with the existing scale and pattern of woodland cover.
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The Cheviots form distinctive, smooth rounded hills within the Northumberland National Park and are part of the wild upland plateau of the Northumberland Moors. SRC plantations would disrupt the smooth lines of the rounded landscape and lead to enclosure, and its yield potential is also low except on the lower eastern fringes. Whilst there is potential for medium yields of Miscanthus, its cultivation would be out of keeping with a landscape that does not feature any arable production.
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JCA No. 5 - Border Moors and Forests
An extensive upland plateau dominated by coniferous forests with expanses of moorland, its eastern part lying within the Northumberland National Park. Whilst there is a medium yield potential for Miscanthus, physical conditions have so far limited agriculture to livestock rearing, meaning that its introduction would be out of keeping with the area’s character. There is potentially a high yield for SRC in lower-lying parts of the JCA; in landscape terms it could potentially best be incorporated where this corresponds with existing forestry, especially where it is being restructured.
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This large scale, low-lying open pastoral area, oriented towards the Solway estuary and Irish Sea, has potential inland for some planting of biomass crops, particularly inland and around Carlisle.
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JCA No. 7 - West Cumbria Coastal Plain
This is a long character area with a number of contrasting landscape sub-types. The Lake District National Park extends to the coast in the area S of Ravenglass. There may be physical constraints in this exposed location, but inland there is potential for biomass crops in undulating lowlands and flatter land in valleys, particularly where there are existing hedges and woodlands. Urban fringe and industrialised areas may also offer opportunities. However there are also significant landscape and heritage designations which need to be taken into account.
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JCA No. 8 - Cumbria High Fells
This highly valued mountainous character area, mostly designated as National Park, has few areas which are physically suited to biomass crops, and there is little scope for planting which would not adversely change the character
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Within the Eden Valley, a broad lowland area between the high uplands of the North Pennines and the Lake District, there are a number of different landscape sub-types, some offering opportunities for biomass crops to be accommodated in the landscape, particularly in valley floors where there is mixed or arable farming, and where there are existing woodlands and hedges. The N Pennines foothills, on the edge of the N Pennine escarpment which is designated as AONB, are higher, more open and more visible, and should be avoided
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The North Pennines is an upland landscape of high moorland ridges divided by broad pastoral dales, most of the area lying within the North Pennines AONB. Topography is likely to make the cultivation of energy crops impractical mostly, although there is more potential on lower land on the northern edge and far eastern valleys. In these parts, SRC would need to be in keeping with the existing scale and pattern of woodland. The planting of Miscanthus would generally be out of keeping with a landscape where grazing predominates. It might best be accommodated where some mixed farming does exist in lower reaches of the dales, providing its scale was in keeping with existing planting; and possibly on scarred extraction sites needing restoration
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JCA No. 11 - Tyne Gap and Hadrian’s Wall
A narrow, distinctive lowland corridor, centred upon river valleys and forming a mosaic of arable and pasture, conifer plantations and well-wooded valley sides, plus rough grazing on elevated land. Miscanthus could potentially be accommodated where arable farming already occurs, such as the South Tyne floodplain, though its yield potential both here and throughout the character area is low. SRC, with its high yield potential throughout the character area, would most appropriately be located in existing broadleafed areas providing it respects the current scale and pattern of planting; the existing forestry infrastructure would facilitate its harvesting and transport.
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JCA No. 12 - Mid Northumberland
An intermediate plateau of gently undulating farmland dissected by several small rivers and with varied woodland cover. There may be scope for Miscanthus planting in the intensive arable area of the Pont Valley, though blocks could be conspicuous on flat land and its predicted yield is low both there and elsewhere. SRC, with its potentially high yields across Mid Northumberland, would best be accommodated where it could link with existing woodland in appropriate locations, providing it was in keeping with the existing scale and pattern.
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JCA No. 13 - South East Northumberland Coastal Plain
A coastal plain with widespread urban and industrial development in the south, merging into rural landscape in the north. Whilst Miscanthus has potential to help screen some of its degraded landscapes, and could also potentially be accommodated into the existing arable pattern in the north, its predicted yield is low throughout the character area. SRC, which potentially has a medium yield, could conceivably link to valley woodlands in lower flatter parts and also has possible use in restoring or screening degraded areas. This would have to be carefully designed given that previous restoration schemes have already created large tracts of relatively featureless agricultural land, without characteristic local patterns of enclosure. Similarly, it may have potential use on urban fringe sites, providing it did not lead to further loss of trees and hedgerows in the very area where ESS encourages the development of taller, lusher hedgerows
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JCA No. 14 - Tyne and Wear Lowlands
Gently undulating land, incised by the valleys of the Tyne and Wear and their tributaries. Miscanthus could potentially be accommodated into the current pattern of cropping on floodplains (taking care not to further weaken the hedgerow structure), though its predicted yield is low except for parts of the River Tyne floodplain
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JCA No. 15 - Durham Magnesian Limestone Plateau
A gently rolling low plateau, dipping south-eastwards, with sparse woodland and widespread urban and former industrial development. Miscanthus has potential to be accommodated on flatter land where arable predominates, but it has a low predicted yield except for a small, low-lying part of the south-eastern corner. SRC has a greater, medium yield potential generally though its appropriateness would be limited to the urban fringe and areas needing restoration. Moreover, its growth in the SW, where its yield potential is highest, is likely to be hindered in parts by the steepness of slopes
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JCA No. 16 - Durham Coalfield Pennine Fringe
A relatively high, rolling large-scale transitional, mainly rural landscape. Miscanthus might best be assimilated on the occasional flat fertile floodplains where arable production already occurs, though it has a low yield potential apart from in the SW on a small part of the River Weir floodplain
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This easily accessible and relatively small area of limestone upland farmland is valued for its distinctive and unusual limestone scenery and is within the area of search for possible extension of the Yorkshire Dales National Park. Some land to the NW, including designed parkland, is already within the Lake District National Park. The only areas where biomass crops could be introduced without adverse changes to landscape character are likely to be on the edges where there is a transition to lowland
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The landscape of the Howgill Fells is uniform, with distinctive bare rounded hills. It presents an outward face which is very visible, and any changes would be conspicuous. The S half of the character area is within the Yorkshire Dales National Park, and the remainder is within the Area of Search for possible extension of the National Park. The Howgill Fells have great integrity, which would be compromised by the introduction of biomass crops, as they would be different in shape, texture and colour to existing landcover. There is little or no opportunity for the landscape to accommodate biomass crops without significant adverse impact
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JCA No. 19 - South Cumbria Low Fells
The Cumbria Low Fells are partly within the Lake District National Park, extend as far as the edge of the Yorkshire Dales park, and include Areas of Search for extension of these designated areas. The JCA includes a range of scenic high hill or very undulating landscape types together with river valleys. The landscape is often scenic, with contrasts between uplands and traditionally farmed lowlands, and introduction of biomass crops could have an adverse impact on the perceptions of the area by visitors. Valleys and undulating lowland to the east of Kendal may have limited potential for planting
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Large scale uplands of high exposed moorland dissected by deep dales. A highly sensitive landscape, rich in biodiversity and historic features (71% designated Yorkshire Dales National Park and 17% Nidderdale AONB), but generally the potential for biomass crops will be limited because of low yields.
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JCA No. 22 - Pennine Dales Fringe
Well-wooded side slopes of the Dales uplands, a transitional landscape of upland grassland to the west and arable land to the east, with a varied topography formed by several river valleys flowing east. 23% of the area falls within Nidderdale AONB.
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The Tees Lowlands form a broad, low-lying plain spanning parts of County Durham, Cleveland and North Yorkshire. Quiet rural farmland contrasts with the extensive urban and industrial development along the lower reaches of the Tees.
Biomass crops could be incorporated into the arable and mixed farming areas, although they would affect the character of the more pastoral landscape to the north through loss of pastures. They may also have potential use in urban fringe areas, to help enhance remaining degraded areas and, in the case of SRC, to contribute to the Community Forest
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A rural, gently undulating agricultural landscape, with many dispersed small villages and farmsteads but few towns. Tree cover is generally sparse, limited to small woodlands, occasional parklands and hedgerow trees. The introduction of short rotation coppice and Miscanthus would undoubtedly alter the character of the landscape, but could be accommodated if the size and number of new plantings is in accord with the existing scale and pattern of fields and woodlands
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JCA No. 25 - Yorkshire Moors and Cleveland Hills
Prominent upland plateau dissected by dales, lying between the Tees Lowlands in the north, Vale of Pickering in the south, the Vale of Mowbray in the west, and bordering the North Sea to the east. Most is designated North York Moors National Park
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An area of low-lying undulating lowland bordered by foothills of the North York Moors to the north, the Yorkshire Wolds and Howardian Hills to the south and the North Sea to the east. Predominant land use is arable, with more woodland cover towards the west, and open drained landscape to the east. There is potential for assimilating biomass crops within the farmed landscape. 3.8% lies within the Howardian Hills AONB
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The Wolds landscape is formed from a chalk escarpment that runs from the Humber estuary to the North Sea coast at Bridlington, and is large scale, with wide open skies, rolling landform and dry valleys. The rolling hills and steep sided narrow dry valleys mean that much of the area is unsuitable for planting biomass crops; however, there may be some flatter areas that have potential for biomass crops.
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The Vale of York is a low lying gently undulating area of intensive arable cropping, with limited woodland cover and small, fragmented areas of semi-natural habitats. The introduction of short rotation coppice and Miscanthus would undoubtedly alter the character of the landscape, but could be accommodated if the size and number of new plantings is in accord with the existing scale and pattern of fields and woodlands
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The Howardian Hills comprise a clearly defined complex ridge of rolling hills and sheltered valleys rising from the Vale of York. Woodland is extensive, except on the open plateaus, and there is an active forestry industry in the area. Generally, it should be possible to assimilate biomass crops in to the landscape where gentler slopes permit.
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JCA No. 30 - Southern Magnesian Limestone
The smoothly rolling ridge of Magnesian limestone gives rise to a landscape of intensive arable farming interspersed with woodlands and plantations, a result of the many estates and country houses that occur in the area. Both Short Rotation Coppice and Miscanthus can be assimilated within this landscape, with care given to the cumulative effects that might obscure important views and affect designed parklands
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JCA No. 31 - Morecambe Coast and Lune Estuary
This area, squeezed between the sea and the Bowland Fells, is oriented towards the coast, but also has very mixed land uses and landscape types, including very open as well as very urban areas. There could be limited opportunities for biomass crops but these would need to be carefully considered to avoid adverse impact on this vulnerable and very visible landscape
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JCA No. 32 - Lancashire and Amounderness Plain
This relatively large scale, open, agricultural landscape has opportunities for biomass crops, particularly where associated with enhancement of hedgerows and small woodlands
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JCA No. 33 - Bowland Fringe and Pendle Hill
This is a medium to large scale landscape, often outward looking, with a pattern of small woodlands and good hedges providing opportunities to accommodate some biomass planting, particularly in the valley bottoms and areas grading into the Lancashire and Amounderness Plain. The area is mostly within the Forest of Bowland AONB, and is valued for its relatively unspoilt countryside close to urban populations, so care in siting crops will be needed
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The scenic qualities of this valued AONB landscape depend on the contrasts and links between the massive but simple uplands and the verdant lowlands. Biomass crops would introduce new textures and patterns which have the potential to adversely affect the integrity of the landscape. There is little or no scope for absorption or mitigation of either SRC or Miscanthus
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JCA No. 35 - Lancashire Valleys
There are some opportunities to accommodate biomass crops in lower-lying and more westerly, flatter and less built-up parts of this urbanised and complex character area, particularly where it grades into the Lancashire and Amounderness Plain
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JCA No. 36 - Southern Pennines
The Southern Pennines landscape is large scale and sweeping, with the open moorlands contrasting with the confined valleys with their wooded sides. Opportunities for planting biomass crops will be largely limited to the valleys, and could be assimilated if they are of a scale and layout that is in sympathy with the local patterns of fields and woodland cover
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JCA No. 37 - Yorkshire Southern Pennine Fringe
A transitional area between the upland to the west and the arable lowlands to the east, the Yorkshire Southern Pennine Fringe reveals the impact of industrialisation in the 18th and 19th centuries, with mills, factories, reservoirs, canals, railways and large towns. While conditions are unfavourable for biomass crops on the higher land, opportunities will exist for biomass crops to be planted within urban fringe areas. Biomass crops may also be accommodated within some of the remaining pastoral areas, if care is taken to plant in sympathy with local patterns of fields and woodland cover
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JCA No. 38 - Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire coalfield
A gently rolling landscape significantly influenced by extensive urbanisation, this area could easily accommodate biomass crops. This would undoubtedly result in a change in the landscape, but the increase in enclosure and the enhancement of its woodland character would be acceptable in many locations.
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http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/crops/industrial/energy/opportunities/jca/039.htm
The Humberhead Levels is a low lying productive agricultural landscape, noted for its open character and extensive views. Generally biomass crops could be easily assimilated in to the current pattern of cropping, although care needs to be taken as to the cumulative effect of extensive schemes, which could create unwelcome enclosure and obstruct long views. There are areas where local soil and field pattern variations mean that biomass crops might not be so easily accommodated, and more care would need to be taken to ensure that they are introduced in such a way as to contribute to local landscape character. The planting of biomass crops is NOT APPROPRIATE within the Isle of Axholme Special Project Area, where the primary aim is to protect the extensive pattern of mediaeval open strip fields
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Low-lying, flat or gently undulating plateau jutting into the North Sea and divided from the Humber Estuary. Rapidly eroding cliff coast, sparse woodland cover, dispersed settlement, with predominantly arable and horticultural land use
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Expansive, flat, low-lying landscape dominated by the Humber heavily influenced by tides. Urban and industrial influences especially around Hull and South Bank. 31% urban, 55% cultivated and 0.5% is woodland. 5% designated as SSSI. Low yield area for SRC but high for Miscanthus
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JCA No. 42 - Lincolnshire Coast and Marshes
Flat coastal plain, rising gently to west becoming undulating at the foot of the Lincolnshire Wolds. Unless linked to settlements or existing small woods energy crops would introduce unwelcome change to the very open, flat landscape of the Outmarsh. On the Middle Marsh there is more opportunity for them to be accommodated.
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JCA No. 43 - Lincolnshire Wolds
Rolling upland arable landscape of strongly cohesive nature, with extensive views both within the area and across adjacent lower lying areas. Energy crops could be accommodated in the arable landscape if care is taken to avoid disrupting the extensive views and by not obscuring features such as landmark woodlands and historic landscapes on higher ground
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JCA No. 44 - Central Lincolnshire Vale
The Central Lincolnshire Vale is low lying and gently undulating. It is predominantly arable with a medium-sized field pattern, there is increasing woodland cover from north to south. Energy crops would be easily integrated into the landscape so long as the scale respected the existing field patterns
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JCA No. 45 - North Lincs Edge with coversands
Large scale upland arable escarpment with shallow soils and sparse hedgerows. Prominent scarp slope featuring smaller grass fields and spring-line villages at the base. Both SRC and Miscanthus would be unsuitable on the scarp slope. In the upland areas, may be highly visible due to open character but could be accommodated
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Large-scale, flat, open landscape dissected by hierarchy of rivers, drains and ditches some of which are embanked. Highly visible plantings in open situations, especially of SRC, would change the extensive vistas and the very ‘openness’ which makes this area different, plantings which link to existing features e.g. copses, shelter belts, farmsteads or villages would be less intrusive
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Large scale upland arable escarpment with shallow soils and sparse hedgerows. Prominent scarp slope featuring smaller grass fields and ridge top or spring-line villages at the base. Both SRC and Miscanthus would be unsuitable on the scarp slope. In the upland areas, may be highly visible due to open character but could be accommodated
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JCA No. 48 - Trent & Belvoir Vale
Gently undulating landform with mainly arable cropping. Medium to large scale field pattern would accommodate energy crops. Avoid sites close to villages where smaller, less regular field patterns would be more easily obscured.
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A well wooded sandstone ridge characterised by the woodlands and heaths of the former Sherwood Forest, large pine plantations, mining settlements, estate farmlands and open arable land. SRC planting in particular has potential to complement the forest character in appropriate areas.
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JCA No. 50 - Derbyshire Peak Fringe and Lower Derwent
The Peak Fringe is an undulating, well wooded pastoral landscape. Energy crop planting on the lower arable land in the south of the area could be more easily accommodated than on the higher land with its characteristic stone walling.
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Physical constraints mean that the Dark Peak is largely unsuitable for growing energy crops. Small areas of energy crops on shallow slopes or in sheltered valleys may present opportunities, provided the effects of scale and pattern are carefully considered
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Physical constraints mean that the White Peak is largely unsuitable for growing energy crops. Small areas of energy crops on shallow slopes or in sheltered valleys may present opportunities provided the effects of scale and pattern are carefully considered
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Much of this area, 95% is LFA, is unfavourable for both crops. 65% of the area is within the Peak District National Park. Overall planting would be potentially adverse in this JCA, particularly in the National Park. In this context few detailed comments have been made for individual landscape elements
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JCA No. 54 - Manchester Pennine Fringe
This area, transitional between urban valley bottoms and Pennine uplands is generally unsuitable for biomass crops, but there could be limited opportunities in lower urban fringe areas for SRC to be planted without an adverse effect on landscape character
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JCA No. 55 - Manchester Conurbation
There are few opportunities for biomass crops other than in river valleys and on the periphery of the urban areas. While the physical and land use characteristics of the JCA are sometimes favourable for planting in these areas, the complex land use patterns and the possible impact on residents mean that each case would need to be considered on its merits.
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JCA No. 56 - Lancashire Coal Measures
This is a predominantly urban or urban fringe landscape with a complex land use pattern and a legacy of disturbance due to past mining and industry. There are opportunities for biomass crops to be accommodated without an adverse impact on landscape character, particularly if carried out in association with tree and hedgerow planting, but there could be a variety of physical constraints limiting the number of possible locations
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Low-lying flat landscape, generally expansive and open, with urban resort development contrasting with the relatively wild natural areas. Mosaic of land uses, all generally unsuited to anything other than very small scale biomass planting. The strong horizontal nature of the landscape could help to accommodate Miscanthus planting but SRC would be very alien in this sparsely wooded landscape.
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JCA No. 58 - Merseyside Conurbation
There is very limited space or potential for biomass crops in this densely built up character area other than on pockets of urban fringe farmland, or perhaps as a temporary measure on unused development land (SRC only
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The Wirral shares some characteristics with the nearby Cheshire Plain, Cheshire Sandstone Ridge, and Mersey Conurbation, but its unique character is due to its being a peninsula, with outward views from coast and sandstone ridges. Its physical characteristics lend themselves to limited biomass crop planting in low-lying areas, but the countryside is small scale, highly valued by urban population and at the same time vulnerable to urban pressures, and in practice opportunities for planting without adverse impact in some respect may be very limited
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There are opportunities within the Mersey Valley JCA for both SRC and Miscanthus to be accommodated without significant landscape effects, due to the low-lying valley character, the complex land use pattern including arable and mixed farmland, and the existing urban influence on the landscape. However this is also an area under much pressure where there are sensitive views, habitats and other interests to be taken into account
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JCA No. 61 - Shropshire, Cheshire and Staffordshire Plain
An extensive, gently undulating plain, interrupted by sandstone ridges. The area is dominated by a strong field pattern, with scattered copses, meres and small ponds. Both SRC and Miscanthus could be accommodated in this undulating landscape with potential beneficial affects. Avoid important wetland features.
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JCA No. 62 - Cheshire Sandstone Ridge
This small scale landscape is largely outward-facing or with small scale enclosed valleys, and with its mosaic of woodland and farmland it is locally highly valued for its scenic contrast with the surrounding plains and estuary, and for its recreational opportunities. It offers very little potential for biomass crops other than on peripheral lower slopes and flatter lower valleys
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Oswestry Uplands is an area of flat topped hills with steep slopes and dissecting narrow valleys. The slopes and valleys often feature linear woodland. SRC and Miscanthus could be accommodated on lower ground. Avoid unimproved grassland and historic features. SRC on lower ground may bring new character to these areas
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JCA No. 64 - Potteries & Churnet Valley
A variable pastoral landscape, dominated in places by industrialised landscapes. Much of the area is unlikely to be able to support viable SRC and Miscanthus. Overall a neutral impact is anticipated
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The Shropshire Hills is an area of bare topped, steep sided prominent hills, with intervening valleys. There is low yield potential for SRC and Miscanthus across much of this area, but potentially there could be adverse impacts on small-scale field patterns. Avoid unimproved grassland
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JCA No. 66 - Mid Severn Sandstone Plateau
An intensively farmed, rolling estate landscape, containing areas with extensive woodland. The intensively farmed arable landscape that predominates could benefit from the introduction of SRC. The area could accommodate both SRC and Miscanthus on gently sloping land. Consider avoiding areas with small-scale field patterns. The area has a high concentration of estate and parkland landscapes that could be adversely impacted
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JCA No. 67 - Cannock Chase and Cank Wood
A very varied landscape with a range of industrial, residential, agricultural, recreational and agricultural uses. This area could potentially accommodate SRC and Miscanthus as an additional feature in an already feature-diverse landscape
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JCA No. 68 - Needwood & South Derbyshire Claylands
An area of gently undulating landscape with extensive areas of large arable fields. Plantings of SRC and Miscanthus could be beneficial in these areas, where they could provide diversity to the landscape structure
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JCA No. 69 - Trent Valley Washlands
The Washlands are flat valleys substantially influenced by urban development. Energy crop planting should consider views in and out of the valleys and could have a strong enclosing effect in an otherwise open landscape
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JCA No. 70 - Melbourne Parklands
The Melbourne Parklands are a landscape of rolling farmland, parkland and woodland. There are opportunities for energy crops to fit in well with the well treed landscape but the setting of the country houses and parkland should be preserved
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JCA No. 71 - Leicestershire and South Derbyshire coalfield
The Leicestershire and South Derbyshire coalfield is an open landscape with a long history of mining. Energy crop applications would generally complement the National Forest initiative, which is producing new landscape features. Special care should be taken around Coleorton and Newbold where the small scale field patterns could be disrupted by large plantings.
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JCA No. 72 - Mease/Sence Lowlands
The Mease/Sence lowlands are predominantly an open arable landscape in which hedges and other distinctive landscape features have become diminished in some areas. Energy crop planting of appropriate location and scale could enhance local landscape character.
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A unique landscape of upland qualities, rising out of lowland farmland. Frequent woodlands mean that SRC in particular could be easily accommodated on the lower slopes, although the supply of arable land is limited. The higher heathland areas with their distinctive vegetation and rock outcrops could be detrimentally affected.
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JCA No. 74 - Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire Wolds
The Wolds are a range of undulating hills with generally sparse tree cover and settlement. Energy crop planting in sheltered valleys rather than on ridge tops would be more sensitive to the landscape, although the small scale pattern of hedges in these sheltered valleys could be obscured by large scale planting
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The Kesteven Uplands is a landscape of rolling mixed farmland, dissected by three river valleys. Energy crops would be easily integrated but blocks on highly visible higher ground and around historic parklands should be carefully considered
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JCA No. 76- North West Norfolk
North West Norfolk is a very large open rolling landscape that is likely to offer considerable opportunities for biomass crops, though the overall openness should be retained. The relatively few semi natural areas and the historic features should be avoided, and care should be taken not to obscure views of the undeveloped coasts, or the view of the landscape from those coasts.
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JCA No. 77- North Norfolk Coast
The North Norfolk Coast is at the heart of the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It is primarily intertidal, which would be unsuitable for planting biomass, and those areas that are fresh marsh or are slightly higher should not have their character changed by these land uses. Areas of fresh marsh in arable use are candidates for restoration to grass and should not therefore be planted with biomass.
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JCA No. 78- North Norfolk and Mid Norfolk
These parts of Norfolk are gently rolling, rising to the Cromer Ridge. There are considerable opportunities for planting, though this should avoid the river valley bottoms unless there is significant existing development.
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JCA No. 79- North East Norfolk and Flegg
This is a low plateau divided into ‘islands’ by the Broads rivers, edged by the coastal cliffs. The coastal areas are often very open and windswept, and the more inland areas have become more open in recent decades by field amalgamation. There may be opportunities to introduce biomass crops which could help to restore some of the enclosure that has been lost, but this should have regard to the impact on the valley sides of the Broads, and hence the Broads, and to the traditional open character of the coast
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The Broads includes the nationally designated landscape of this name and its setting. There may be possibilities for planting of biomass crops on the valley sides where this will not become dominant, but rather would add variety. However, the valley floors and their important wetland landscapes should be avoided.
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JCA No. 81- Greater Thames Estuary
The Greater Thames Estuary, including the Essex estuaries, is a narrow strip of marsh coastline and its setting. Biomass crops may well find opportunities on parts of the higher land and to help integrate some of the significant urban and industrial development, but should generally avoid the grazing marshes
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JCA No. 82- Suffolk Coast and Heaths
Much of this area makes up the Suffolk Coast and Heaths Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. There will be opportunities to introduce some blocks of biomass crops into some of the current arable areas and especially into some of the urban fringes, but should have regard to safeguarding views of the coast
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JCA No. 83- South Norfolk and High Suffolk Claylands
This is a large plateau with little relief other than where incised by streams and rivers, with some ancient field patterns and woodlands. Opportunities to introduce biomass crops on the plateau are likely, especially where the historic landscape of enclosures has been largely lost, but they will need to avoid valley floors and masking important field patterns, other historic features and semi-natural habitats that are important in the detailed landscapes. Care should also be taken to integrate plantings with existing woodlands
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JCA No. 84- North Norfolk and Mid Norfolk
These parts of Norfolk are gently rolling, rising to the Cromer Ridge. There are considerable opportunities for planting, though this should avoid the river valley bottoms unless there is significant existing development.
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The Brecks is of international nature conservation interest which contributes to its being of at least regional landscape significance. There may be opportunities for planting biomass, but this should retain the general remaining openness of the landscape and should avoid masking the river valleys and planting on heathland
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JCA No. 86- South Suffolk and North Essex Clayland
This plateau area is likely to offer opportunities for biomass crops, if integrated carefully with the current woodland patterns. However, there are some very important river valley landscapes, historic features and boundary patterns which should not be encroached upon
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JCA No. 87- East Anglian Chalk
An area of rolling chalk lands, formerly grassland, now primarily arable but with distinctive tree patterns. Opportunities for biomass crops likely, if soil and water resource adequate, but existing sparse woods should not be encroached on and nor should important boundary tree and hedge lines. The generally open landscape should be maintained, which will need careful consideration of the incremental effect of planting
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JCA No. 88- Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire Claylands
This landscape is a broad sweep of gently undulating plateau with broad river valleys and some landscape dereliction. Biomass crops could well bring in useful new character to some of the large scale open landscapes and could help screen some of the industrial derelict landscapes and raw settlement edges. Biomass crops should, however, generally avoid the river valley bottoms as these currently provide significant local character and landscape diversity, both topographically and in their land uses. Such plantings should take account of existing woodland patterns, in particular not detracting from the ancient woods in the NW.
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JCA No. 89- Northamptonshire Vales/Leicestershire Vales
Low lying clay vales containing large and expanding urban areas. A large heterogeneous area where significant energy crop opportunities exist, albeit bringing a new character through creating some enclosure.
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JCA No. 90- Bedfordshire Greensand Ridge
The Greensand Ridge has a scarp slope offering excellent views to the north and a more intimate dip slope. Energy crops may well be appropriate in some areas of the scarp slope where they could add to an already varied landscape. However, they should be avoided in the various semi-natural elements of these landscapes.
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JCA No. 91- Yardley-Whittlewood Ridge
An elevated plateau with a strong historic landscape character, due largely to the continued presence of ancient woodland. Opportunities exist for sensitive energy crop planting to enhance landscape character whilst respecting its historical integrity
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The historic landscape of Rockingham Forest is capped by boulder clay unsuitable for cultivation. However on thinner soils between the woods and in the valleys, energy crops would be easily integrated into the low hilly and wooded terrain
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JCA No. 93- High Leicestershire
The rolling and well treed character of High Leicestershire presents opportunity for energy crop plantings, particularly on arable watersides and shallow valley sides. Some potential exists on ridge tops, although large scale plantations in this area of generally small woodlands and copses should be avoided as they would be out of character
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JCA No. 94- Northamptonshire Vales/Leicestershire Vales
Low lying clay vales containing large and expanding urban areas. A large heterogeneous area where significant energy crop opportunities exist, albeit bringing a new character through creating some enclosure
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JCA No. 95- Northamptonshire Uplands
An open, rural landscape with a rolling, gently hilly landform. Energy crops make little structural change to the landscape when positioned on lower slopes. However on ridgelines or where the hedge network is weaker the landscape effects are more significant and should be carefully considered
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JCA No. 96 - Dunsmore and Feldon
A gently undulating landscape with mixed and pastoral farming. There is limited tree presence across most of the area. This JCA could potentially accommodate both SRC and Miscanthus. There may be a role for SRC in absorbing new development. Avoid designed parklands which have already declined due to arable conversion
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An area of rolling landform characterised by scattered small woodlands and mature hedgerow trees. The area could potentially accommodate SRC and Miscanthus, particularly if due consideration to field and woodland size patterns are taken into account in planting design
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JCA No. 98 - Clun and North West Herefordshire Hills
An area of open topped, sparsely populated hills, divided by rivers in the east. This area could potentially accommodate SRC and Miscanthus on lower slopes and along broader valley bottoms. Consider potential adverse impacts on river-side tree lines and on hilltops.
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JCA No. 99 - Black Mountains and Golden Valley
An area of steep sided open hills in the west and fertile valleys with regular field patterns in the east. The lower slopes and valley bottoms could potentially accommodate SRC and Miscanthus. Potential advers impact on smaller scale field patterns, plus hay meadows and unimproved grassland.
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JCA No. 100 - Herefordshire Lowlands
An undulating area with fertile farmlands. This landscape could potentially accommodate SRC and Miscanthus. Parklands characterised by ancient trees should be avoided
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JCA No. 101 - Herefordshire Plateau
A gently rolling plateau, dissected by narrow valleys. A varied and intimate landscape of woodlands, commons, parklands, orchards and mixed farming. SRC and Miscanthus could potentially be accommodated on gentler slopes and valley bottoms. Consider appropriate scales of block plantings in areas characterised by smaller and irregular field patterns. Avoid hay meadows and old orchards
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Teme Valley is an undulating landscape, dissected by many steeply incised river and tributary valleys, with woodland, particularly along steep slopes and narrow valleys. SRC could add to the wooded character of parts of this JCA. Gentler valley bottom slopes could accommodate both SRC and Miscanthus. Avoid steep valley sides and large scale block plantings in areas characterised by small irregular field patterns
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A narrow ridge of steep sided hills, dominated by rough grazing. Over much of this area SRC and Miscanthus will not be planted as the Hills are common land managed by the Malvern Hills Conservators. Outside the commons the effects of both crops are likely to be neutral. Avoid orchards and unimproved meadows on lower ground
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JCA No. 104 - South Herefordshire & Over Severn
A varied undulating landscape incised by narrow floodplain valleys, with larger arable fields bounded by weak hedgerows in the east and smaller pastoral and arable fields, bounded by strong hedgerows in the west. Both SRC and Miscanthus could potentially be accommodated on slopes throughout the area. Consider an appropriate scale of planting, particularly in the western parts of the area, where smaller scale field patterns occur, and also along narrow floodplain valleys. Avoid old orchards and remnant unimproved meadows.
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JCA No. 105 - Forest of Dean and Lower Wye
Enclosed landscape of a well wooded plateau of varied ridges and valleys. Mosaic of woodland (40%) and open ground. A quarter of the area lies within the Wye Valley AONB and there are scattered areas of common land. Small areas of SRC could be accommodated, although care is needed with design and siting as the existing pattern of hedges and farmland with small woodlands (inherited from the original medieval hunting forest of the Forest of Dean) is integral to the character of the area. Miscanthus does not easily fit into this landscape due to the lack of mixed or arable farming
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JCA No. 106 - Severn and Avon Vales
A landscape of flat and gently undulating landform with sparse tree cover. Hedgerows are sometimes a significant element in the landscape. This landscape of medium to large sized fields, which in parts is intensively farmed, could accommodate both SRC and Miscanthus. It is possible that these crops could provide diversity of character to some parts, where tree and hedgerow features are weakly represented. Avoid unimproved grasslands and significant ridge and furrow features
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The Cotswolds landscape is a steep scarp and long, rolling dip slope cut into a series of plateaux by numerous rivers and streams. Characterised by limestone walls, especially on the predominantly arable plateau top and hedgerows, beech woodlands and limestone grasslands on the scarp slope. Most of the area falls within the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Energy crops, particularly SRC, may be appropriate on the plateau top and the broad river valleys to the east where existing small woodlands are a feature, however, care must be taken to retain the open exposed nature of the plateau top landscape and the pattern of the limestone walls. Large scale Miscanthus (and SRC) plantations in areas of strong field boundary pattern (walls or hedgerows) should be avoided as they would weaken the character of the area.
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JCA No. 108 - Upper Thames Clay Vales
The area consists of two distinct parallel broad belts of gently undulating farmland & valley floodplains that starts west of Swindon through to Aylesbury in the east, drained by a dense network of rivers & streams. The area contains a variety of open landscapes, providing long sometimes uninterrupted views. The nature of Miscanthus & Short Rotation Coppice(SRC) would introduce a vertical element into an otherwise relatively open landscape which has only 3% woodland cover. This could potentially result in high visual impacts. SRC would be more appropriately located near existing woodland in the vales, situated on higher ground or adjacent to settlements or otherwise alongside willow stands & river courses on the floodplains. Miscanthus is more suitable for replacing annual arable crops in the lowland vales
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The Midvale ridge is a low wooded ridge giving way to isolated hills in the east, characterised by a mix of arable and pastoral farming. Miscanthus might be accommodated where arable already occurs in large, geometric fields. SRC might similarly be accommodated both here and to complement existing woodland planting in the west, providing it respects the existing scale and pattern of planting.
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The Chilterns are one of the most wooded lowland landscapes in England and half of the area is designated AONB. It consists of chalk hills and plateau with a prominent escarpment in many places, and gradual dip slope with many dry valleys. Miscanthus may have potential to be accommodated where intensive arable already exists, such as on the scarp foothills and Thames Valley. SRC could potentially be assimilated into an already heavily wooded landscape, particularly within river valleys where the visual impact of the crops would be lessened
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JCA No. 111- Northern Thames Basin
The Northern Thames Basin is an area of remarkable contrasts, from relatively undisturbed ancient landscapes of considerable distinction to vast 19th and 20th century developments. Care should be taken not to obscure important elements of the remaining historic landscapes, but there could be significant scope for planting in the many areas that have been affected by modern developments, and there may be scope for smaller plantings elsewhere
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JCA No. 113 - North Kent Plain
Relatively large scale, open, agricultural landscape. 2.4% of the area within the Kent Downs AONB.
There are opportunities for both SRC and Miscanthus to be accommodated in the JCA particularly around urban developments; Miscanthus could be accommodated on arable areas and SRC on the higher ground of the Blean. However there are areas under much pressure where there are sensitive views, habitats and other interests to be taken into account. Much of the western part is currently and will continue to be developed for housing etc as is part of the Thames Gateway Growth Area -
JCA No. 114 - Thames Basin Lowlands
A small-scale narrow low-lying landscape a flat but gently undulating clay vale. Urban fringe pressures such as land use conflicts between agriculture, housing, industry and recreation interest will impact on the introduction of biomass crops. Miscanthus and SRC could be accommodated in the flatter parts of the north and east - an open and relatively featureless landscape and around the neglected urban edge, M25 and river valleys.
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Hydrological floodplain of the river Thames with large areas of fragmented poor agricultural land and high urban development.
Some potential for Miscanthus and SRC although urban fringe pressures such as land use conflicts between agriculture, housing, industry and recreation interest will impact on the introduction of biomass crops
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JCA No. 116 - Berkshire and Marlborough Downs
The Berkshire and Marlborough Downs is an open rolling chalk upland area that also includes downland with woodland, more intimate river valleys and farmed vale landscapes. The area falls wholly within the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Energy crops are not appropriate on the open rolling chalk downland. This area is internationally important for it’s historic landscape (includes a World Heritage Site) and views must be protected. Biomass crops, and SRC in particular, may be accommodated in the valleys and also to the south and east where the open downland gives way to increasing numbers of shelter belts and woodland
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A rolling undulating clay vale cut by the River Avon and its tributaries, a generally open landscape with a considerable amount of arable divided by weak boundaries and with pasture occurring on the valley floor bordered by overgrown hedgerows and hedgerow trees. Energy crops, may be appropriate within the arable areas, albeit bringing a new character by creating some enclosure. Care should be taken to protect views into, and from, the important historic parklands in the area
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JCA No. 118 - Bristol Avon Valley and Ridges
An enclosed landscape strongly influenced by the River Avon and its tributaries, which carve gorges through the limestones and sandstones and wide shallow gently undulating valleys through the clays and mudstones. Extensive areas of ancient woodland occur on the scarps and steeper slopes. The area includes Bristol and the settlement pattern in the area is generally dense.
Small areas (<10ha) of energy crops, in particular SRC, would be appropriate within the Character area which lies within the Bristol and Avon Community Forest Area, and in particular may bring benefits to the degraded urban fringe and motorway corridor landscapes. Planting within the Chew and Gordano Valleys would be out of character as are both high value landscapes with little tree cover and good views and planting would create enclosure. Care should also be taken to protect the setting of the historic parklands within the area.
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The North Downs form a chain of chalk hills extending from the narrow ridge of the Hog’s Back in the west, through Surrey across south London to Kent, widening eastwards & terminating at the White Cliffs of Dover. . A significant proportion(60%) of area is AONB with proposals for it to become a new National Park. The mixed farming & well-wooded character provide potential to accommodate some biomass crops. SRC is particularly suited to the lower dipslope, within the river valleys or associated with existing woodland & scrub areas. The potential for Miscanthus is within the existing arable cropping patterns. Although predominantly rural, the introduction of limited areas of biomass crops may help to counteract the increasing development pressure & urban influences of the Medway towns & London. Views(extensive & local) are an important consideration given the extent of AONB designation, the number of good viewpoints, localised sensitivity & general accessibility of the area.
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JCA No. 20 - Morecambe Bay Limestones
There is a variety of different landscape sub types in this distinctive character area, which is also physically subdivided by prominent ridges and wide estuaries. There is some limited potential for biomass crops, particularly SRC, in the flat or undulating lowland areas, away from the coastline, but much of the landscape is designated, including parts of the Lake District National Park, the Arnside and Silverdale AONB and the Forest of Bowland AONB. Other Areas of Search for National Park or AONB extension are proposed, so generally there is a need for very sensitive siting of any future biomass crops
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JCA No. 120 - Wealden Greensand
This long narrow character area is defined by greensand escarpments and intervening clay vale, and there is local variation depending on topography and soils. Much of the area is designated as AONB, with potential National Park status for the section within W Sussex and E Hampshire. The mixed land uses, extensive woodland and sheltered lower areas provide potential to accommodate some biomass crops, particularly SRC. However the land use pattern is often small scale, and the character area is under pressure and vulnerable to landscape change, particularly in the E. so sensitivity to local conditions would be essential. Views are an important consideration given the extent of AONB designation, the number of good viewpoints and the accessibility of the area
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The Low Weald is a broad clay vale extending through Sussex, Surrey and Kent. It forms a low-lying, rural well-wooded landscape in contrast to the adjacent landscapes of the Greensand Ridge, High Weald and South Downs. These generally have AONB or National Park designations which may extend into the Low Weald. Although the area has considerable potential for biomass crops, particularly SRC, local landscape character is under pressure and vulnerable to change, so sensitivity to local conditions will be needed.
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This character area is mostly designated as AONB. It is a very distinctive, relatively high and undulating area with very attractive villages and vernacular buildings set in a with a small scale landscape pattern of woodlands and mixed farming including orchards and hops. While the topography and vegetation would help biomass crops to be visually absorbed into the landscape, there are likely to be other constraints, and in practice opportunities could be extremely limited. The landscape is accessible, well populated despite its rural nature, and under considerable pressure. It is very vulnerable to changes which could adversely affect its special qualities and character. It is also important to consider the potential cumulative impact of SRC
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A flat low-lying open floodplain landscape comprising reclaimed marshland. The uniform open character provides a sense of remoteness.28% of the area falls within the High Weald AONB. Dungeness has a high nature conservation value i.e. shingle foreland is NNR & internationally renowned.
Biomass crops: - Miscanthus is most suitable on lowland agricultural. SRC more appropriately located on higher ground by settlements. Both would introduce a vertical element into an otherwise predominately flat landscape, high-density plantations should be avoided. Avoid areas particularly distinctive for small fields, dykes and unimproved pasture.
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A predominantly open landscape with low-lying tracts of largely reclaimed wetland and river floodplain. The open character provides a sense of remoteness.
Biomass crops: - SRC and Miscanthus both crops would introduce a vertical element to an otherwise relatively flat landscape. SRC would be more appropriately located near settlements on higher ground, with lowland agricultural sites most suitable for Miscanthus -
Predominantly Chalk outcrop rising gently form the South Coast Plain with north facing scarp and distinctive chalk cliffs ending at the sea. The Downs have a wild, exposed and remote character. 84% of the area is in the East Hampshire and South Downs AONBs.
Energy crops, particularly Miscanthus, may be appropriate in central Downs lower floodplain arable areas, albeit bringing a new character through creating some enclosure. SRC would be appropriately located on higher ground by settlements -
JCA No. 126 - South Coastal Plain
A flat coastal plain, comprising major urban developments, linked by the A27/M27 corridor, which dominates much of the open intensely, farmed coastal plain. 11% falls within the Chichester Harbour AONB, and 5% lies within the, designated but yet to be confirmed, South Downs National Park.
Biomass crops, particularly Miscanthus, may be appropriate in the lower coastal plain where fertile arable soils could produce high yields, albeit bringing a new character through creating some enclosure. SRC could be appropriate to the upper coastal plain by settlements -
A small-scale island landscape with an often-intimate feel, there is a juxtaposition of varied and distinctive landforms. 50% of the island is in the Isle of Wight AONB, 50% of the coast is Heritage Coast.
Biomass crops: Miscanthus and SRC could be considered on the lower agricultural land to the north and east, although plantations will have a high impact upon this Island. Most of the island has a potentially high yield capacity for Miscanthus. SRC the south and east likely to produce low yields
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JCA No. 128 - South Hamptonshire Lowlands
The gently undulating landscape sandwiched between the chalk downs to the north (Hampshire and South Downs) and the South Coast Plain to the south. 4.5% falls within the New Forest National Park.
Biomass crops – Miscanthus and SRC suitable areas are the Chalk ridge of Ports Down to the east, river valleys and around urban areas and roads. Unsuited to parts of the South Hampton Lowland and Heath due to the low yield potential of clay soils
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JCA No. 129 - Thames Basin Heaths
Open unenclosed land between heavily populated towns and smaller settlements. The area is recognised as an internationally rare habitat with a high conservation value, 17% is in the North Wessex Downs AONB. Potential for biomass crop plantations around large towns, road networks, gravel extraction sites and possibly in the river valleys or the wooded areas of the west. The poor quality acidic soil, predominantly to the west, does not lend itself to biomass plantation
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The Hampshire Downs are a strongly rolling chalk downland dissected by sheltered valleys and combes. 25% lies within the East Hampshire and North Wessex Downs AONBs and 11% within the proposed South Downs National Park.
There is a potential for biomass plantation on the lower valley sides and well-wooded valley bottoms; care should be taken to preserve the open and exposed character of the area. -
Dominated by a raised and eroded plateau, highest in the north dropping down to the south-east Narrow steep valleys in the north, shallow valleys separated by flat-topped ridges to the centre and south, with broader coastal plains to the south. Ancient semi-natural woodland. 85.9% is in the New Forest National Park.
Little potential for biomass crop plantations, although could be considered in the south coastal plain and valleys particularly around urban and industrial areas.
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JCA No. 132 - Salisbury Plain and West Wiltshire Downs
Extensive open, rolling chalk plateau dominated by one of the largest remaining areas of chalk grassland in Northern Europe surrounded by a fringe of arable farming. A third of the area falls within the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Energy crops are not appropriate on the open rolling chalk downland. This area is also of international importance for it’s prehistoric ritual landscape (includes a World Heritage Site) and views must be protected. Limited potential for planting of biomass crops; however SRC in particular, may be accommodated on the valley floors. Miscanthus may be accommodated within the existing patterns of arable crops off the open plateau, on the lower slopes.
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JCA No. 133 - Blackmoor Vale and Vale of Wardour
A rich pastoral landscape which is wooded, enclosed, very rural and remote in character. Gently rolling and undulating, heavy fertile clay vales are fringed by Upper Greensand hills, chalk escarpments and low (often rounded) limestone hills.
Around 36% of the Character Area falls within the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs AONB.Energy crops, in particular SRC, may be appropriate and fit with the existing pattern of woodland cover. Care should be taken to protect the setting of, and views into, and from, the important historic parklands in the area.
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JCA No. 134 - Dorset Downs and Cranborne Chase
A rolling chalk landscape with dramatic scarps and intricate steep-sided sheltered combes and valleys. About The landscape is nationally important with much of the area lying within the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs AONB (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty) or the Dorset AONB.
Energy crops would be very visible and would fragment the open rolling landscape of the downland. SRC, in particular, may be appropriate at the field scale within the varied farm landscape of Cranborne Chase and on lower valley slopes.
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Heathland covers the core of this wild exposed open landscape which is bordered by rolling hills and broad, river valleys characterised by a patchwork of small pasture fields divided by hedgerows with frequent hedgerow trees. Along its eastern edge the heath gives way to the sandy bays, creeks, mud-flats and off-shore islands of Poole Harbour and the Poole/Bournemouth conurbation on the northern side. This area is particularly sensitive to the planting of energy crops which would further fragment and change the character of the landscape. SRC plantations may be appropriate within the mosaic of woodland and birch on the rolling valleys around the heathland but care must be taken not to further fragment the areas of semi-natural habitat
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South Purbeck is a diverse landscape with sharp contrasts in a small area; it also falls wholly within the Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The opportunities for biomass plantings are largely restricted to small-scale sites where physical constraints allow. Miscanthus may be appropriate in the mixed farming areas of the vales rather than the higher, more exposed land, whilst short rotation coppice could be accommodated as small parcels in some sheltered valley bottoms
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JCA No. 137- Isle of Portland/Weymouth Lowlands
The Isle of Portland is a dramatic and distinctive limestone peninsular linked to the varied ridge and valley landscape of the Weymouth Lowlands. Much of the Weymouth Lowlands are also within the Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The opportunities for biomass plantings are very restricted by physical and visual constraints in this largely exposed and open coastal area. Some opportunities exist for SRC in the few valley bottoms and mixed farming parts of the vales. Miscanthus may be appropriate in arable and mixed farming areas within the pattern and scale of existing cropping, and where the small-scale features of the landscape (e.g. trees and boundary patterns) will not be obscured
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JCA No. 138 - Isle of Portland/Weymouth Lowlands
The Isle of Portland is a dramatic and distinctive limestone peninsular linked to the varied ridge and valley landscape of the Weymouth Lowlands. Much of the Weymouth Lowlands are also within the Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The opportunities for biomass plantings are very restricted by physical and visual constraints in this largely exposed and open coastal area. Some opportunities exist for SRC in the few valley bottoms and mixed farming parts of the vales. Miscanthus may be appropriate in arable and mixed farming areas within the pattern and scale of existing cropping, and where the small-scale features of the landscape (e.g. trees and boundary patterns) will not be obscured.
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JCA No. 139 - Marshwood and Powerstock Vales
The Marshwood and Powerstock vales are a landscape of contrasts between the open ridges, hill tops and coastal headlands, and the more sheltered, enclosed undulations of the vales. The area also falls wholly within the Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty The planting of biomass crops is generally more suited to the lower valley slopes and within the vales. SRC plantings can be accommodated as linear shaped plantings within the undulating vale, rather than extensive blocks of fields. Miscanthus can be accommodated within larger fields on lower valley slopes, or throughout the undulating vales, within the existing pattern of mixed farming.
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JCA No. 140 - Yeovil Scarplands
The Yeovil Scarplands are a varied landscape of open ridge tops, secluded combes and well-populated vales. The exposed, high land and the steep slopes are not well suited to biomass plantings, although there are opportunities in the wider valleys and clay vale. SRC is more suited to the river valley bottoms and floodplains, linking to existing willows and small woods. Miscanthus is suited to the lower valley slopes and undulating vales, particularly towards the west where plantings can be accommodated within the existing pattern of mixed or arable farming
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The predominantly Carboniferous limestone landform of the Mendips rises abruptly out of the flat landscape of the Somerset Levels and Moors in the west. In the east, it descends into a complex pattern of low ridges as it gradually merges with the southern end of the Cotswolds, the Yeovil Scarplands and the Avon Vales. The western half of the area falls within the Mendip Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The area combines the classic features of a karst landscape, with complex ritual, industrial and agricultural landscapes extending in time from the prehistoric period to modern quarrying. The Mendip Hills are also renowned for their extensive, open views and this, together with the physical and cultural constraints, will limit opportunities for SRC and miscanthus plantings. Potential areas of search for sites may be restricted to the ‘Strawberry Belt’ at the base of the south western slopes between Wells and Axbridge, and perhaps in the valleys east of the Mendip plateau extending from Wells to Frome
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JCA No. 142 - Somerset Levels and Moors
The Somerset levels and Moors are a flat, low-lying and wet landscape containing a wide range of environmental features, and the landscape is largely defined by an open, remote character. The opportunities for biomass plantings vary throughout the area. The open, wet grassland heart of the moors are particularly sensitive to plantings due to visual impacts creating enclosure and potential effects on the ‘raised water level areas’ managed specifically for wading birds. The whole area is also known to be rich in buried archaeological remains. In this context, SRC may be accommodated within the rectilinear field pattern in semi-enclosed areas that have been known to contain lines of willows, scrub or withy beds. Miscanthus is more suited to the areas where arable crops already exist, often towards the drier, slightly higher margins of the moors and levels
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JCA No. 143 - Mid Somerset Hills
The Mid Somerset Hills are a varied landscape of prominent ridges and low, rounded hills with secluded valleys. The area also forms a hinterland and watershed towards the adjoining levels and moors area with which there are strong physical and historical links. The highly conspicuous ridges and slopes with thinner soils are not well suited to biomass plantings; however, towards the east the low hills and valleys may accommodate some plantings. Small-scale SRC plantings are more suited to the secluded valley bottoms. Miscanthus crops may be accommodated in the mixed farming areas of the low hills, fitting into the existing pattern of arable crops.
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The Quantock Hills are a discrete and varied landscape with a prominent ridge, scarp slopes, deep valleys and low hills. The Quantock Hills are also an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty centred on the high swathe of unenclosed moor and heath, woodlands and surrounding farmland, valued by the public for outdoor recreation and dramatic views. Much of the ridge and valleys below contain semi-natural vegetation; opportunities for biomass plantings are restricted to the farmland towards the south-east. SRC may be accommodated as small-scale plantings in some of the wider valleys. Miscanthus should be restricted to arable fields within existing cropping patterns rather than large blocks of contiguous fields.
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Exmoor is an elevated upland plateau landscape that includes surrounding hill farmland. Most of the area falls within the Exmoor National Park, and it contains a wealth of environmental features unique to the south west and is therefore a much-valued landscape for outdoor recreation by the public.
The opportunities for SRC and miscanthus plantings are limited both by physical constraints and also by potentially adverse effects on the unique and distinctive landscape character that depends largely on the continuation of traditional farming practices. The opportunities are generally restricted to the lower fringe of farmland around the south side of the upland plateau. Here, small-scale, discrete plantings of SRC may be accommodated in some of the wider valley bottoms. Miscanthus may be accommodated on lower areas of mixed farmland retaining the balance between arable crops and grassland.
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JCA No. 146 - Vale of Taunton and Quantock Fringes
The Vale of Taunton and Quantock Fringes is a varied landscape of fringe hills, undulating vale, floodplain and low coastline. The mix farming throughout the vales provides some opportunities for appropriately located biomass plantings. Miscanthus is more suited to mixed farmland within the existing pattern of arable cropping. SRC is better suited to lower-lying sites contained within the vales and river valleys.
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The Blackdowns is a diverse landscape of exposed ridges, narrow valleys, vales and coastal river floodplains. The area also contains a wide range of wildlife habitat and archaeological features, and falls within the Blackdown Hills AONB (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty) and the East Devon AONB. Much of the area has a pastoral character largely dependant on the continuation of traditional farming practices; in this context the opportunities for appropriately located biomass plantings are mainly restricted to the vales and floodplains. The extensive areas of exposed and steep ground are not practical for planting SRC, although the secluded valley bottoms and river floodplains provide some opportunities for discrete, small-scale plantings. The larger fields on the gentler slopes of the vales towards the south, where mixed cropping predominates, provide more suitable opportunities for miscanthus planting
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The Devon Redlands are a hilly landscape, cut through by steep-sided valleys with wide floodplains.
Biomass plantings, particularly Miscanthus, may be appropriate in lower-lying arable areas, albeit bringing a new character through creating some enclosure. Large scale SRC plantations in areas of small woodlands and copses should be avoided as they would be out of character and would disrupt local patterns of woodland cover.
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An undulating, open, remote rural landscape, sparsely wooded and dominated by livestock farming. Intricate steep valley systems form rolling ridges feeding into wider major river valleys. Steep rugged coastline, much of which falls within the North Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The area could support high miscanthus yields but low to medium SRC yields, some soils being too wet. Large scale planting would change the character of this distinctive lowland pastoral landscape. The coastal strip will be particularly sensitive to planting. Opportunities for planting SRC exist adjoining or linking existing woodland where in scale with the woodland pattern, pastoral valley bottoms should be retained. Opportunities for Miscanthus are more widespread – within existing crop patterns; however, planting should avoid masking field patterns and impeding views through large contiguous blocks.
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well known dramatic high moorland landscape, valued for its wildness and extremely rich and often very visible historic heritage. Much of the area falls within Dartmoor National Park reflecting its distinctiveness, strength of character and importance.
Potential yields of energy crops would render them uneconomical on higher land due to exposure and infertile soils. Planting highly inappropriate here, very visible and immediate changing open upland character. Opportunities for small scale miscanthus planting in the few areas of mixed farming on lower lying land and valleys off high moor but will alter the pastoral character
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South Devon is a dissected coastal plateau landscape where steep wooded valleys separate rounded hills. Much of the area is included in the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
Both SRC and Miscanthus could potentially be accommodated on floodplain pasture in wider valleys, which would bring a new character to these areas. Avoid valley sides with small-scale field patterns, as the scale of planting could disrupt. The coastal strip will be particularly sensitive to alteration of landscape character through planting.
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An upland plateau with extensive views across a wild, open, exposed landscape. A more gentle landscape is found on the fringes where river valleys provide more shelter and enclosed pasture dominates. An extremely rich historic landscape with distinctive archaeological and mining remains and ancient field patterns. Much of the area falls within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Exposure and soil conditions would generally limit potential for planting apart from within more sheltered parts of the lower moorland fringe areas. In most areas energy crops would be highly visible, mask field patterns and change the character of the landscape through creating new enclosure and introducing cropping to a pastoral landscape. Some small scale planting opportunities may exist in localised areas linking or extending existing woodlands or within larger fields enclosed with taller hedges
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This area contains a varied landscape of elevated plateau, incised valleys, coastal cliff headland and flooded valleys. The landscape has a strong historic character, with views across the inland plateau, coastal headland and ria or estuary landscapes. Some portions of the area stretching inland from the north and south coasts fall within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, where landscape is particularly varied with intricate field patterns and other distinctive features. Biomass plantings would not be appropriate, or easy to establish, in these areas where they would be highly conspicuous in the landscape. Miscanthus may be more appropriate on the inland plateau tops or lower slopes and set away from the skylines, main roads and coastal settlements, and where in scale with the existing mixed cropping patterns. Opportunities for SRC are more localised within the broader coastal valleys, off the exposed hilltops and linked to existing blocks or belts of woodland
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A diverse and historically rich landscape dominated by the upland granite mass of Hensbarrow Downs and the dramatic and dynamic landscape formed by china clay extraction. Extensive areas of open heathland and scrub also add to strong character of area, contrasting with a surrounding enclosed rolling pastoral landscape. Low Cornish hedges, in many places define remnant ancient field patterns.
Small scale opportunities for energy crops exist in some lower areas to the south where an existing pattern of mixed cropping, particularly where linking to existing woodland or landform and higher hedges have created areas of enclosure. However low yields of SRC are predicted. Loss of pasture and semi natural habitat should be avoided. Large scale planting would significantly alter the open character of this landscape, particularly if in contiguous blocks.
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Dominated by a high granite plateau that retains some unenclosed moorland but much land enclosed into small pasture fields surrounded by Cornish hedges. Watercourses create shallow valleys radiating out across the lower ground. The topography, lack of woodland and dominance of low Cornish hedges creates an open landscape with wide views across it and to surrounding areas and the coast. Rich historic landscape including World Heritage Site status associated with the remains of the tin and copper mining industry.Energy crops could be accommodated in the lower more fertile areas to the south where horticulture is mixed with stock farming, but only on a small scale that respects and does not mask the existing field pattern. In a few places SRC could link to existing woodland and scrub within valleys, again on a small scale. There may also be opportunities around the urban fringe where settlements butt up to the JCA boundary
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West Penwith is a distinct, granite landscape of moorland, coastal plateau, secluded valleys and rugged coast. Most of the area is included within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The landscape has a very strong historic character and maritime influence that is also reflected in patterns of settlement, vegetation and continuity in traditional livestock farming. In this context, the opportunities for biomass plantings are restricted mainly to areas of mixed farming and arable cropping towards the south of the area. SRC may be accommodated in the sheltered valleys on gentler slopes although these sites are generally not well served by vehicular access. Discrete plantings of miscanthus may be accommodated within the existing pattern of arable crops on the low ridges off the skylines and where public views of the wider landscape are not obscured
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The Lizard is a distinct landscape of plateau heathland falling to secluded valleys and rugged coast. The area falls wholly within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The landscape has a strong historic character and maritime influence that is also reflected in patterns of settlement, semi-natural vegetation and farming practices. In this context, the opportunities for biomass plantings are restricted mainly to areas of mixed farming and arable cropping towards the east of the area. SRC may be accommodated in the sheltered valleys on gentler slopes although these sites are generally not well served by vehicular access. Discrete plantings of miscanthus may be accommodated within the existing pattern of arable crops on the low ridges between valleys off the skylines and where public views of the wider landscape are not obscured
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An archipelago of low lying granite islands dominated by the sea. Largely treeless and windswept with extensive open areas of maritime heath and grassland fringing the islands contributing to the remote & rugged feel of the islands. Contrasting areas of small bulb fields with tall shelter hedges or ‘fences’, and small walled pastures introduce a more intimate feel to some inland areas. The area falls wholly within the Isles of Scilly Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Low yields expected for energy crops due to exposure (wind and salt ) and poor soils. Limited opportunity for planting, restricted to sheltered bulb fields or small scale areas of SRC linking existing broad leaved woodland in shallow valleys on St Mary’s. Elsewhere planting would disrupt the distinctive and unique landscape patterns and character of these islands, particularly inappropriate in areas of open character with extensive views.
